Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives Part 2- Chemistry free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

November 20, 2021 admin Off Uncategorized

(ix) Reaction with Glycerol : At 100° – 110°C, formic acid is formed. At 260°, allyl alcohol is formed.

Uses : Oxalic acid (Polyprotic acid) is used,
- In the manufacture of carbon monoxide, formic acid and allyl
- As a laboratory reagent and as a standard substance in volumetric analysis.
- In the form of antimony salt as a mordant in dyeing and calico
- In the manufacture of
- For removing ink stains and rust stains and for bleaching straw, wood and
- In the form of ferrous potassium oxalate as developer in

(5) Analytical test

The aqueous solution turns blue litmus

The aqueous solution evolves effervescences with

NaHCO₃ .

The neutral solution gives a white precipitate with calcium chloride solution. It is insoluble in acetic

H 2 C2 O4 ¾¾^N^H¾4 O¾^H ®(NH 4 )2 C2 O4 ¾¾^C^a^C¾^l2 ® CaC2 O4

Oxalic aicd

Amm.oxalate

Calcium oxalate

Oxalic acid decolourises hot potassium permanganate solution having dilute sulphuric

With hot

H ₂SO₄ , it evolves carbon monoxide which burns with blue flame.

Malonic Acid or Propane-1,3-Dioic Acid :

CH 2

COOH COOH

or CH

₂ (COOH)2

or (C3

H4 O4 )

The acid occurs as calcium salt in sugar beet. It was so named because it was first obtained from malic acid (hydroxy succinic acid) by oxidation.

Methods of Preparation : From acetic acid

CH 3

COOH ¾¾^C¾^l2 ® CH

₂ClCOOH ¾¾^K^C¾^N⁽^A¾^q¾^.) ® CH

CNCOOH ¾¾^H2O¾^H¾+ ® CH

COOH COOH

Acetic acid

Chloroacetic acid

Cyano acetic acid

Malonic acid

(2) Physical Properties

It is a white crystalline
It’s melting point is 135°C.
It is soluble in water and alcohol but sparingly soluble in

(3) Chemical Properties

Action of heat

Heating at 150°C :

CH 2 (COOH)2 ® CH 3 COOH + CO2

Heating with P O :

| |

O = C – –

= O ¾¾^P ^O¾® O = C = C = C = O+ 2H O

2 5 C C 2 5 2

| | heat Carbon suboxide

Reaction with aldehyde : With aldehydes, a-b unsaturated acids are

RCH = O+ H C

COOH ¾¾^P^y^r¾ⁱ^dⁱⁿ¾^e ® RCH = CHCOOH+ H

O + CO

Aldehyde 2

COOH

heat

a –b unsaturated acid 2 2

Uses : Its diethyl ester (malonic ester) is a valuable synthetic reagent for preparation of a variety of carboxylic

Succinic Acid or Butane-1,4-Dioic Acid :

CH₂ –COOH

| or (CH 2 )2 (COOH)2 or (C4 H6 O4 )

CH₂ –COOH

It was first obtained by the distillation of yellow fossil, resin, amber and hence its name (Latin, Succinum = amber). It is also formed in small amount during the fermentation of sugar.

(1) Methods of Preparation

From ethylene :

CH2

¾¾^B¾^r

® CH2Br ¾¾NaC¾N ® CH2CN ¾¾H O¾H¾C¾l ® CH2COOH

CH2

Ethylene

2 |

CH2Br

Ethylene bromide

| 2

CH2CN

Ethylene cyanide

CHCOOH

CH₂COOH

Succinic acid

CH₂COOH

From maleic acid [catalytic reduction]: ||

+ H2 ¾¾^Nⁱ ®|

Note : ® This is an industrial method.

CHCOOH

CHOHCOOH

heat

CH₂COOH

CHOHCOOH

Reduction of tartaric acid or malic acid : |

¾¾^H¾^I ® |

¬¾^HI ¾ |

(2) Physical properties

It is a white crystalline It melts at 188 ^o C

CHOHCOOH

Tartaric acid

P CH2COOH

Succinic acid

P CH2COOH

Malic acid

It is less soluble in It is comparatively more soluble in alcohol.

Chemical Properties : Succinic acid gives the usual reactions of dicarboxylic acid, some important reactions are :
Action of heat : At 300°C

CH₂COOH

Succinic acid

¾¾300¾°¾C ®

(– H2O)

CH2CO

| O

CH2CO

Succinic anhydride

CH₂COOH

CH2COONH4

CH2CONH2

CH2CO

With ammonia : |

¾¾^N^H¾3 ®|

¾¾^he¾^at ® |

¾¾^he¾^at ®| NH

CH₂COOH

CH2COONH4

Ammonium succinate

– H2O

CH2CONH2

Succinamide

CH2CO

Succinimide

Reaction with Br₂ :

CH2 –CO

NH + Br2 ¾¾^Na^O¾^H ® |

N – Br + HBr

CH2 –CO

Succinimide

Reaction with ethylene glycol

HOOC – (CH 2 )2 – CO OH + H OCH2 – CH 2 O

– H₂O

0°C

CH2 –CO

N -bromosuccinimide (N.B.S)

OC – (CH 2 )2 – CO OH + …….

HOOC – (CH2 )2 – CO – [-OCH2 – CH2O – OC – (CH2 )2 – CO-]n – OH + H2O

Polyester

When sodium or potassium salt in aqueous solution is electrolysed, ethylene is obtained at anode.

Uses : It finds use in volumetric analysis, medicine and in the manufacture of dyes, perfumes and polyester

Adipic Acid or Hexane-1,6 –Dioic Acid :

CH₂ –CH₂ –COOH

| or (CH₂)₄ (COOH)₂

CH₂ –CH₂ –COOH

or (C6 H10O4 )

It was first obtained by the oxidation of fats (Latin, adeps = fat.)

(1) Methods of Preparation

From benzene

H₂ O₂

HNO₃

HNO3 HOOC – (CH₂)₄

– COOH

Benzene

Catalyst

Cyclohexane

H₃BO₃, heat

Cyclohexanol

SeO₃

Cyclohexanone

Adipic acid

Note : ® It is an industrial method.

From tetrahydrofuran (THF)

CH2 –CH2

CH2

THF

CH2

2CO + HOH ® HOOC – (CH 2 )4 – COOH

Adipic acid

(2) Physical Properties

It is a white crystalline Its melting point is 150°C.
It is fairly soluble in alcohol and ether but less soluble in

(3) Chemical Properties

It shows all the general reaction of dicarboxylic acids.

Action of heat

HOOC(CH₂)₄

Adipic acid

COOH

heat

300°C

H₂C

C H₂

C = O + CO₂ + H₂O

Cyclopentanone

Formation of Nylon-66 [Reaction with hexa methylene diamine]

nH 2 N(CH 2 )6 NH 2 + nHO– C– (CH 2 )4 – C– OH

hexamethylene diamine

– nH₂O

adipic acid

H H O O

| | || ||

– (- N – (CH2 )6 – N – C– (CH2 )4 – C -)n –

nylon-66

Uses : It is used in the manufacture of several

Unsaturated Acids : When the double bond presents in the carbon chain of an acid is called unsaturated acid.

Example: CH ₂ = CH – COOH+ H – C– COOH

Acrylic acid

H–C–COOH

Maleic acid

Acrylic Acid or Prop-2-Enoic Acid :

Methods of Preparation

CH2

CH ₂ = CH – COOH

CH2Br

or (C3 H4 O2 )

CH2Br

C H

CH2

From allyl alcohol : C H

¾¾^B¾^r2 ®

C HBr

¾¾^H^N¾^O¾3 ®

C HBr

¾¾^Zⁿ ® ||

CH2OH

[O]

COOH

heat

COOH

By oxidation of acrolein :

CH 2 = CHCHO + [O] ¾¾^A^g^N¾^O¾3 ® CH 2 = CHCOOH

NH4 OH

From propionic acid :

CH3 CH 2 COOH ¾¾^B^r2¾^P ® CH3 CHBrCOOH ¾¾^A^l^c¾^.^K^O¾^H ® CH 2 = CHCOOH

Propionic acid

HVZ reaction

a -Bromopropionic acid

By heating b-hydroxy propionic acid :

C H 2 – CH 2 – COOH ¾¾^Zⁿ^C¾^l2 ® CH 2 = CH – COOH

From vinyl cyanide

HC º CH+ HCN ¾¾^C^u2¾^C^l2¾^H¾^C^l ® CH

b -hydroxy propionic acid

= CH – CN ¾¾^H+ ¾^H2¾^O ® CH

heat, –H₂O

= CH – COOH

Acetylene

90°C

2 2

Vinyl cyanide

From ethylene cyanohydrin

CH 2

CH 2

¾¾⁺^H^C¾^N ® C H 2

CH 2

CN ¾¾^Con¾^c.^H¾2SO¾4 ® CH 2

heat –H₂O

= CH – CN ¾¾^H+ ¾^H2¾^O ® CH

= CHCOOH

Ethylene oxide

Ethylene cyanohydrin

Vinyl cyanide (acrylonitrile)

Industrial method : This is a new method of its manufacture.

CH º CH + CO + H 2 O ¾¾^Nⁱ⁽^C¾^O¾⁾4 ® CH 2 = CHCOOH

(2) Physical Properties

It is colourless pungent smelling Its boiling point is 141°C.
It is miscible with water, alcohol and
It shows properties of an alkene as well as of an

(3) Chemical Properties

With nascent hydrogen (Na and C₂H₅OH) :

CH 2 = CHCOOH + 2[H] ¾¾^Nⁱ ® CH3 CH 2 COOH

With halogens and halogen acids : Markownikoff’s rule is not

CH 2 = CHCOOH + Br2 ¾¾^C^C¾^l4 ® CH 2 Br – CHBrCOOH

a ,b -Dibromopropionic acid

CH 2 = CHCOOH + HBr ® BrCH 2 – CH 2 COOH

b -Bromopropionic acid

Oxidation : In presence of dilute alkaline KMnO₄.

CH 2 = CHCOOH + [O] + H 2 O ® CH 2 OHCHOHCOOH

Glyceric acid

Note : ® On vigorous oxidation, oxalic acid is formed.

Salt formation :

CH 2 = CHCOOH + KOH ® CH 2 = CHCOOK ⁺ + H 2 O

2CH 2 = CHCOOH + Na2 CO3 ® 2CH 2 = CHCOONa ⁺ + H 2 O + CO2

Sodium acrylate

Ester formation :

CH 2 = CHCOOH + HOC2 H5 ¾¾^Con¾^c.^H¾2SO¾4 ® CH 2 = CH – COOC2 H5

With PCl₅ :

– H2O

CH 2 = CHCOOH + PCl5 ® CH 2 = CH – COCl

Acryl chloride

Ethyl acrylate

Uses : Its ester are used for making plastics such as Lucite and

The molecular formula of the simplest unsaturated dicarboxylic acid is HOOC.CH = CH.COOH This formula,

however represents two chemical compounds, maleic acid and fumaric acid, which are geometrical isomers.

H – C– COOH

H–C–COOH

Cis-form (Maleic acid)

(1) Methods of Preparation of Maleic Acid

HOOC – C– H

H–C–COOH

Trans-form (Fumaric acid)

₂ ||

By catalytic oxidation of 2-butene or benzene

CH–CH3

30 ¾¾^V2O¾5 ® CHCOOH

2H 2 O

CH–CH3

2-Butene

400°C

CHCOOH

Maleic acid

C H + 9 O

CH–CO

¾¾^V2O¾5 ®

O H2O H ⁺

CHCOOH

6 6 2 ||

¾¾¾¾®||

Benzene 2

400^o C

CH–CO

Maleic anhydride

CHCOOH

From malic acid :

CH(OH)COOH

CHCOOH

CH–CO

CH–COONa +

CH–COOH

| ¾¾^he¾^at ®||

¾¾^he¾^at ® ||

O ¾¾^Na^O¾^H ® ||

¾¾^H ¾^H2¾^O ® ||

CH₂COOH

Malic acid (Hydroxy succinic acid)

– H2O

CHCOOH

Maleic acid (intermediate)

–H2O

CH–CO

Maleic anhydride

boil

CH–COONa

Sodium salt

CH–COOH

Maleic acid

(2) Methods of Preparation of Fumaric Acid

H–C–COOH

HOOC–C–H

From maleic acid :

H–C–COOH

Maleic acid

¾¾^H¾^C^l ®

boil

H–C–COOH

By oxidation of furfural with sodium chlorate

HC CH

|| ||

HC C–CHO

+ 4[O] ¾¾^N^a^C¾^l^O¾3 ®

HOOC–C–H

H–C–COOH

By heating malic acid at about 150°C for long time

CH(OH)COOH

CH₂COOH

Malic acid

¾¾he¾at ®

150°C, – H₂O

HOOC–C–H

H–C–COOH

By heating bromosuccinic acid with alcoholic potash : By heating bromosuccinic acid with alcoholic

CH₂COOH

CH.(Br)COOH

(4) Physical Properties

¾¾Alc.¾KO¾H ®

HOOC–C–H

H–C–COOH

KBr + H ₂O

Both are colourless crystalline Both are soluble in water.
The melting point of maleic acid (130.5°C) is lower than the melting point of fumaric acid (287°C).

(5) Chemical Properties

Chemically, both the acids give the reactions of alkenes and dibasic acids except that the maleic acid on heating forms an anhydride while fumaric acid does not give anhydride.

CHCOOH

CHCO

¾¾^he¾^at ® ||

CHCO

O+ H 2 O

Maleic acid Maleic anhydride

Both form succinic acid on reduction with sodium amalgam. They undergo addition reactions with bromine, hydrobromic acid, water, etc. and form salts, esters and acid chlorides as usual. With alkaline KMnO₄ solution, they get oxidised to tartaric acid.

COOH

H–C–OH

COOH

Tartaric acid (Meso)

¬¾Alk¾.KM¾n¾O4 ¾

(Syn-addition)

H–C–COOH

Maleic acid (Cis)

¾¾Br2w¾at¾er ®

(anti-addition)

COOH

H–C–Br

Br – C– H

COOH

(Racemic mixture)

COOH

H–C–OH

HO – C– H

COOH

Tartaric acid (Racemic mixture)

¬¾Alk¾. KM¾n¾O4 ¾

(Syn-addition)

H–C–COOH

HOOC–C–H

Fumaric acid (Trans)

¾¾Br2w¾at¾er ®

(anti-addition)

COOH

H–C–Br

H – C– Br

COOH

((Meso)

Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids are found in natural fats and oils as glyceryl esters.

They have derived their names from the natural source from which they are prepared by hydrolysis with alkali.

*Name of acids*	*Source*		*Molecular formula*
Palmitic acid	Palm oil,		CH 3 (CH 2 )14 COOH
Stearic acid	Stear	(meaning	CH 3 (CH 2 )16 COOH
	tallow)
Oleic acid	Olive oil.		CH 3 (CH 2 )7 CH = CH(CH 2 )7 COOH

Palmitic and stearic acids are waxy colourless solids with melting points 64°C and 72°C, respectively. They are insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol and ether. They find use in the manufacture of soaps and candles. Soaps contain sodium or potassium salts of these higher fatty acids.

Oleic acid has low melting point, i.e., 16°C. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether. Besides the reactions of acids, it also gives reactions of alkenes. Two aldehydes are formed on ozonolysis.

CH3

(CH

2 )7

CH = CH(CH

2 )7

COOH ¾¾(i)O¾3 ® CH

Zn+ H2O 3

(CH

2 )7

CHO + HOOC(CH

2 )7

CHO

It is used for making soaps, lubricants and detergents.

Difference between oils and fats : Oils and fats belong to the same chemical group, yet they are different in their physical
- Oils are liquids at ordinary temperature (below 20°C) while fats are semi solids or solids (their melting points are more than 20°C). A substance may be classed as fat in one season and oil in another season or the same glyceride may be solid at a hill station and liquid in plains. Thus, this distinction is not well founded as the physical state depends on climate and
- The difference in oils and fats is actually dependent on the nature of monocarboxylic acid present in the Oils contain large proportion of the glycerides of lower carboxylic acids, (e.g., butyric acid, caprylic acid and caproic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids, (e.g., oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) while fats contain a large proportion of glycerides of higher saturated carboxylic acids, (e.g., palmitic, stearic acids).

Lard (fat of hogs) is a solid fat and its composition in terms of fatty acids produced on hydrolysis is approximately 32% palmitic acid, 18% stearic acid, 45% oleic acid and 5% linolenic acid. Olive oil on the other hand, contains 84% oleic acid, 4% linoleic acid, 9% palmitic acid and 3% stearic acid.

(2) Physical Properties of oils and Fats

Fats are solids, whereas oils are
They are insoluble in water but soluble in ether, chloroform and
They have less specific gravity than water and consequently float on the surface when mixed with
Pure fats and oils are colourless, odourless and tasteless but natural fats and oils possess a characteristic odour due to presence of other
They have specific melting points, specific gravity and refractive index hence they can be identified by these oil
Animal fats contain cholesterol, an unsaturated alcohol, whereas vegetable fats contains phytosterol.

Chemical Properties : They give reactions of carbon-carbon double bonds and ester
- Hydrolysis
By superheated steam

CH2O

C HO

COC17 H35 COC17 H35

CH2OH

C HOH

¾¾+ 3 H¾2¾O ® |

+ 3C17

H35

COOH

CH2O

COC17 H35

CH2OH

Stearic acid

Tristearin

Base hydrolysis [Saponification]

Glycerol

CH₂OCOR

CH2OH

C HOCOR + 3NaOH ® C HOH + 3RCOONa

CH₂OCOR

Fat or oil

CH2OH

Glycerol

Salt fatty acid (Soap)

Enzyme hydrolysis : Enzyme like lipase, when added to an emulsion of fat in water, hydrolyses it into acid and glycerol in about two or three

Hydrogenation : In the presence of finally divided nickel, the hydrogenation process is called hardening of

CH 2 OC(CH 2 )7 CH = CH(CH 2 )7 CH3

+ 3 H

CH 2 OCC17 H35

CHOC(CH 2 )7 CH = CH(CH 2 )7 CH3 ¾¾¾2 ® CHOCC17 H35

Ni,heat

CH 2 OC (CH 2 )7 CH = CH(CH 2 )7 CH3

Glyceryl trioleate or triolein (Liquid oil)

Hydrogenolysis [Reduction to alcohol]

CH 2 – O – C– C17 H35

CH 2 OCC17 H35

Tristearin (A solid fat)

|| 6 H

CH2OH

CH – O – C– C17 H35 ¾¾¾2 ® C HOH + 3C17 H35 CH 2 OH

CH 2 – O – C– C17 H35

Tristearin

200atm

CH2OH

Octadecyl alcohol

Drying : Certain oils, containing glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids having two or three double bonds have the tendency of slowly absorbing oxygen from atmosphere and undergoing polymerisation to form hard transparent coating. This process is known as drying and such oils are called drying oils. Unsaturated oils such as linseed oil are, therefore, used as medium of paints and
Rancidification : On long storage in contact with air and moisture, oils and fats develop unpleasant The process is known as rancidification. It is believed that rancidification occurs due to hydrolysis-oxidation.

(4) Analysis of oils and fats

Acid value : It indicates the amount of free acid present in the oil or fat. It is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acid present in one gram of the oil or fat. It is determined by dissolving a weighed amount of oil or fat in alcohol and titrating it against a standard solution of KOH using phenolphthalein as an
Saponification value : It is a measure of fatty acids present as esters in oils and fats. It is defined as the number of milligrams of KOH required to saponify one gram of the oil or fat or number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acids resulting from the hydrolysis of one gram of an oil or It is determined by

refluxing a Saponification number of fat or oil = 168,000

M = molecular mass

Iodine value : Iodine value of a fat or oil is a measure of its degree of unsaturation. It is defined as the number of grams of iodine taken up by 100 grams of fat or oil for For a saturated acid glyceride, the iodine value is zero. Thus, the iodine value for a fat is low whereas for oil, it is high. As iodine does not react readily, in actual practice, iodine monochloride is used. Iodine monochloride is known as Wij’s reagent.

Reichert-Meissl value, (R/M value) : It indicates the amount of steam volatile fatty acids present in the oil or fat. It is defined as the number of millilitres of 1 N KOH solution required to neutralize the distillate of 5 grams of hydrolysed fat. It is determined by hydrolysing a known weighed amount (5 grams) of the fat with alkali solution and the mixture is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid and steam distilled. The distillate is cooled, filtered and titrated against 0.1 N KOH.

Uses
- Many oils and fats are used as food
- Oils and fats are used for the manufacture of glycerol, fatty acids, soaps, candles, vegetable ghee, margarine, hair oils,
- Oils like linseed oil, tung oil, , are used for the manufacture of paints, varnish, etc.
- Castor oil is used as purgative and codliver oil as a source of vitamins A and D. Almond oil is used in Olive oil is also used as medicine.
- Oils are also used as lubricants and

(6) Difference between vegetable oils and Mineral oils

*Property*	*Vegetable* *oils*	*Minerals oils*
1. Composition 2. Source	These are triesters of glycerol with higher fatty acids. Seeds root and fruits of plants.	These are hydrocarbons (saturated). Kerosene oil– Alkanes from C₁₂ to C₁₆. These occur inside earth in the form of petroleum.
3. Hydrolysis	Undergo hydrolysis with alkali. Form soap and glycerol.	No hydrolysis occurs.
4. On adding NaOH and phenolphthalein	Decolourisation of pink colour occurs.	No effect.
5. Burning	Burns slowly	Burn very readily.
6. Hydrogenation	Hydrogenation occurs in presence of nickel catalyst. Solid glycerides (fats) are formed.	No hydrogenation occurs.

Soaps : Soaps are the metallic salts of higher fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, The sodium and potassium salts are the common soaps which are soluble in water and used for cleansing purposes. Soaps of other metals such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, chromium, lead, etc., are insoluble in water. These are not used for cleansing purposes but for other purposes (lubricants, driers, adhesives, etc.)

Ordinary soaps (sodium and potassium) are the products of hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The oils and fats are mixed glycerides and thus soaps are mixtures of salts of saturated and unsaturated long chain carboxylic acids containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. This process always yields glycerol as a byproduct.

CH2OCOR1

C HOCOR₂

CH2OCOR3

Triglyceride

CH2OH

3NaOH ® C HOH

CH2OH

Glycerol

R₁COONa

R₂COONa

R₃COONa

Soap

There are three methods for manufacture of soaps :

The cold process
The hot process
Modern process

Synthetic Detergents : The synthetic detergents or Syndets are substitutes of soaps. They have cleansing power as good or better than ordinary soaps. Like soap, they contain both hydrophilic (water soluble) and hydrophobic (oil-soluble) parts in the

Hydrophobic part

Hydrophilic part

Hydrophobic part

Hydrophilic part

Sodium lauryl sulphate (Detergent) Sodium palmitate (Soap)

Some of the detergents used these days are given below:

Sodium alkyl sulphates : These are sodium salts of sulphuric acid esters of long chain aliphatic alcohols containing usually 10 to 15 carbon The alcohols are obtained from oils or fats by hydrogenolysis.

CH 3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 OH + HO SO3 H ® CH 3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 OSO2 OH ¾¾^N^a^O¾^H ® CH 3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 OSO2 ONa

Lauryl alcohol

Sulphuric acid

Lauryl hydrogen sulphate

Sodium lauryl sulphate (Detergent)

The other examples are sodium cetyl sulphate,

C16 H33 OSO2 ONa

and sodium stearyl sulphate,

CH3 (CH 2 )16 CH 2 OSO3 Na . Unlike ordinary soaps, they do not produce OH^– ions on hydrolysis and thus can be safely used for woollen garments.

Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates : Sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate acts as a good It is most widely used since 1975.

CH3

(CH 2 )9 CH == CH 2 +

¾¾AlC¾l3 ®

CH3

CH3 (CH 2 )9 C H –

1-Dodecene

Benzene

2-Dodecyl benzene

CH3

¾¾(i)H¾2SO¾4 ® CH3

NaOH

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (S.D.S.)

– (CH 2 )9

C H –

SO3 Na

These long chain alkyl benzene sulphonate (L.A.S.) are most widely used syndets.

Quaternary ammonium salts : Quaternary ammonium salts with long chain alkyl group have been used as detergents, g., trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide.

(CH 3 )3 N

Br C18 H37

Sulphonates with triethanol ammonium ion in place of sodium serve as highly soluble materials for liquid

R – – O –

– é Å

–CH

OH) ù

SO2 êëN H( 2

2 3 úû

Partially esterified polyhydroxy compounds also acts as

CH2OH

C17 H35 COOCH2 – C– CH 2 O H

CH2OH

Pentaerythritol monostearate

Detergents are superior cleansing agents due to following properties.

These can be used both in soft and hard waters as the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water form soluble salts with Ordinary soap cannot be used in hard water.

The aqueous solution of detergents are Hence these can be used for washing all types of fabrics without any damage. The solution or ordinary soap is alkaline and thus cannot be used to wash delicate fabrics.
- Waxes : Waxes are the esters of higher fatty acids with higher monohydric The acids and

alcohols commonly found in waxes are palmitic, cerotic acid

(C25 H51COOH), melissic acid

(C30 H61COOH)

and

cetyl alcohol (C16 H33 OH), ceryl alcohol (C26 H53 OH) , myricyl alcohol (C30 H61OH) , etc.

Waxes are insoluble in water but are readily soluble in benzene, petroleum, carbon disulphide etc. Waxes on hydrolysis with water yields higher fatty acids and higher monohydric alcohols.

C15 H31COOC16 H33 + H2O ® C15 H31COOH+ C16 H33 OH

Cetyl palmitate

Palmitic acid

Cetyl alcohol

When hydrolysis is carried with caustic alkalies, soap and higher monohydric alcohols are formed.

C15 H31COOC16 H33 + NaOH ® C16 H33 OH + C15 H31COONa

Sodium palmitate (Soap)

The common waxes are:

Bees wax, Myricyl palmitate, C15 H31COOC30 H61
Spermaceti wax, Cetyl palmitate, C15 H31COOC16 H33
Carnauba wax, Myricyl cerotate, C25 H51COOC30 H61

Waxes are used in the manufacture of candles, polishes, inks, water proof coating and cosmetic preparations.

Waxes obtained from plants and animals are different than paraffin wax which is a petroleum product and a mixture of higher hydrocarbons (20 to 30 carbon atoms). So paraffin wax is not an ester.

Candles are prepared by mixing paraffin wax (90%) with higher fatty acids like stearic and palmitic. The fatty acids are added to paraffin wax as to give strength to candles. The mixture is melted and poured into metal tubes containing streched threads. On cooling candles are obtained.

The compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbon chain part of the carboxylic acids by atoms or groups such as X (halogen), OH or NH₂, are referred to as substituted acids.

For example, CH ₂ClCOOH

Chloroacetic acid

; CH ₂OHCOOH ;

Hydroxyacetic acid

CH ₂ NH ₂COOH

Aminoacetic acid

The position of the substituents on the carbon chain are indicated by Greek letters or numbers.

6 5 4 3 2 1

C– C– C– C– C– C OOH

e d g b a

For example,

CH ₃ CHOHCOOH ;

a -Hydroxypropionic acid 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid

CH ₃CHOHCH ₂COOH

b -Hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid

Lactic Acid or a-hydroxy propionic acid or 2-hydroxy propanoic acid

It is the main constituent of sour milk. It is manufactured by fermentation of molasses by the micro-organism (Bacterium acidi lactici-sour milk) in presence of CaCO₃ .

(1)

Method of Preparation

From acetaldehyde :

CH ₃CHO+ HCN ® CH

CH(OH)CN ¾¾^H2O¾^H¾+ ® CH

₃ CHOHCOOH

Acetaldehyde

Cyanohydrin

Lactic acid

(2) Physical Properties

It is a colourless syrupy liquid having a sour taste and smell.

It is hygroscopic and very soluble in water. It is optically active and exists in three distinct forms.

Chemical Properties : It gives reactions of secondary alcoholic group and a carboxylic

CH₃CHOHCOONa

CH CHOCOOH

Lactide

Sod. Lactate

3 3

COOH

CO+H₂O

Heat

NaOH

Acetyl lactic acid

Conc. H₂SO₄

CH₃CHO +

Acetaldehyde

HCOOH

Formic acid

Dil. H₂SO₄

Heat 130°C

CH ₃CH ₂COOH

Propionic acid

CH3CHO

CH₃COOH

CH ₃CHClCOCl

Lactyl chloride

CH₃COCOOH

Pyruvic acid

Uses : It is used in medicine as calcium and iron lactates, as mordant in dyeing, as acidulant in beverages and candies, as a solvent (ethyl and butyl lactates) for cellulose

Tartaric Acid. Or a,a’-Dihydroxy succinic acid or 2,3-Dihydroxy-Butane-1,4-Dioic acid

HO – C H – COOH

HO–CH–COOH

It is found as free or potassium salt in grapes, tamarind, and berries.

(1) Methods of Preparation

Argol which separates as a crust during fermentation of grape juice is impure potassium hydrogen tartrate. Argol is boiled with limewater. Calcium tartrate is precipitated which is filtered. The solution contains potassium tartrate which is also precipitated by addition of CaCl₂. The calcium salt is then decomposed with calculated quantity of dilute H₂SO₄. The precipitate (CaSO₄) is filtered and the filtrate on concentration gives the crystals of tartaric

CH(OH)COOK

2 |

CH(OH)COOH

Pot.hydrogen tartrate

Ca(OH)₂ ®

CH(OH)COOK

| +

CH(OH)COOK

Pot.tartrate (Filtrate)

CH(OH)COO

| Ca

CH(OH)COO

Calcium tartrate (ppt.)

CH(OH)COO

Synthetic method

Ca + H₂SO₄ ® CaSO₄ +

CaCl₂

–2KCl

CH(OH)COOH

Tartaric acid

CH2CN

C + H 2 ¾¾^Elec¾^t¾^ric ® CH º CH ¾¾^H¾2 ® CH 2 = CH 2 ¾¾^B¾^r2 ® CH 2 Br – CH 2 Br ¾¾²^K^C¾^N ® |

arc

Acetylene

Pd BaSO₄

Ethylene

Ethylene bromide

CH2CN

CH2COOH

CHBrCOOH

CHOHCOOH

¾¾^H2O¾^H¾®|

¾¾^Red¾^P ® |

¾¾^A^g^O¾^H ®|

CH₂COOH

Succinic acid

Br2

CHBrCOOH

a ,a ‘-Dibromo succinic

acid

CHOHCOOH

Tartaric acid

CHO

CH(OH)CN

CH(OH)COOH

From glyoxal cyanohydrin :

CHO

Glyoxal

¾¾^H^C¾^N ®

CH(OH)CN

Glyoxal cyanohydrin

¾¾^H2O¾^H¾® |

CH(OH)COOH

Tartaric acid

Physical Properties : It is a colourless crystalline compound. It is soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble in ether. It contains two asymmetric carbon atoms and thus shows optical isomerism (four forms). Natural tartaric acid is the dextro It contains two secondary alcoholic groups and two carboxylic groups.

Optical Isomerism in tartaric acid

COOH

H–C– OH

COOH

HO–C– H

H– C– O H

COOH

H–C– OH

d+ Dextrorotatory Tartaric acid

l-(Leavorotatory acid) Meso-Tartaric acid (Optical inactive)

Optical active

d + Tartaric acid-Dextro-rotatory
l –Tartaric acid-Leavorotatory

Optical active

Meso tartaric acid-optically inactive due to internal
Racemic tartaric acid (Equimolar mixture of d+, l–forms). Optically inactive due to external compensation

(3) Chemical Properties

CHCOOH

CCOOH

CH₂COOH

Aconitic acid Heat, 150°C

With alkalies and alcohols, it forms three series of salts and esters, respectively

CH₃COCl

HCl

CH ₂COOH

C(OCOCH₃)COOH

CH₂COOH

Mono acelyderivative

CH₂COOH

CH COOH

| | 2

CH₂COOH

Acetone diartboxylic acid

CHCOOH

CH₂COOH

Tricarballytic acid

Uses : It is used in carbonated beverages and effervescent tablets, in making baking powder (cream of tartar) and mordant in dyeing (potassium hydrogen tartrate), in preparing Fehling’s solution (sodium potassium tartrate–Rochelle salt), in medicine as emetic, dyeing and calico-printing (tartar emetic-potassium antimonyl tartrate) and silver

(5) Tests

When heated strongly, tartaric acid chars readily giving a smell of burnt sugar to produce free carbon and pyruvic
With AgNO₃ : A neutral solution of tartaric acid gives a white which is soluble in ammonia. A silver mirror is obtained on warming the ammonical silver nitrate solution (Tollen’s reagent).
With Fenton’s reagent : (H₂O₂ containing a little of ferrous salt) and caustic soda, It gives a violet
With Resorcinol and H₂SO₄ : It gives blue colour.

Citric Acid Or 2-Hydroxypropane Or 1,2,3-Tri Carboxylic Acid Or b-Hydroxy Tricarballylic Acid

It occurs in the juice of citrus fruits such as lemon, galgal, orange, lime, etc. Lemon juice contains 6-10% of citric acid.

(1) Methods of Preparation

By Fermentation : Citric acid is obtained by carrying fermentation of dilute solution of molasses with

micro-organism, Aspergillus nigar, at 26-28°C for 7 to 10 days. The resulting solution is neutralised with

Ca(OH)₂

to form insoluble precipitate, calcium citrate. It is decomposed by dilute solution is concentrated under vacuum to get crystals of citric acid.

H 2 SO4 . The

CaSO₄ is filtered off and the

By Lemon juice : It is also obtained from lemon The juice is boiled to coagulate proteins. From clear solution, citric acid is obtained as calcium salt with Ca(OH)₂ as described in the above method.
By synthetic method :

CH2OH

CH2Cl

CH2CN

CH₂COOH

| HCl(g) |

dil. HNO |

HCN

OH KCN |

OH H O H ⁺ |

C HOH ¾¾ ¾® CHOH ¾¾¾¾3 ® CO

¾¾¾® C

¾¾2 ¾¾® C(OH)COOH

| heat |

[O] |

| CN

| CN |

CH2OH (in acetic acid) CH2Cl

Glycerol

CH2Cl

CH2CN

CH₂COOH

Physical Properties : It is a colourless crystalline compound. It possesses one water molecule as water of It is soluble in water and alcohol but less soluble in ether. It is not optically active compound. It is nontoxic in nature. It behaves as an alcohol and tribasic acid.

(3) Chemical Properties

Pot. acid tartrate

CHOHCOOK

CHOHCOOH

and

Potassium tartrate

CHOHCOOK

C(OH)COOH

CH ₃COCOOH

Pyruvic acid

It forms two series of salts

Heat

[O] Fe ²⁺ /H2O2

C(OH)COOH

Dihydroxy meleic acid

CHBrCOOH

HBr

Fenton’ s reagent

AgNO3 Tartronic acid + Sliver mirror

CHBrCOOH

a,a‘–Dibromo succinic acid

NH₄OH

(Test of tartaric acid)

CH(OH)COOH

COOH

HI Heat

| ¾¾¾^[^O¾^] ¾® |

CH₂COOH

CHOHCOOH

COOH

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

COOH

Oxalic acid

| ¬¾¾ |

CH(OH)COOH

COOH

CH₂COOH

Sucinic acid

Heat

CH₂COOH

Malic acid

Complex formation

COOH

Tartronic acid

¾¾^[¾^O^] ®

COOH

Oxalic acid

NaOOCCH – O

NaOOCCH–O

O – HC – COONa

Uses : It finds use in making lemonades, as acidulant in food and soft drinks and makes the lemon sour, as mordant in dyeing and calico printing. Ferric ammonium citrate, magnesium citrate (as an antacid and laxative), sodium or potassium citrate are used in Ferric ammonium citrate finds use in making blue prints.

Aromatic acid contain one or more carboxyl group (COOH) attached directly to aromatic nucleus.

Examples

COOH

Benzoic acid

COOH

CH₃

O-toluic acid

COOH COOH

Phthalic acid

COOH OH

Salicylic acid

COOH NH₂

Anthranilic acid

COOH

NO₂

m-Nitro benzoic acid

Aromatic acid containing-COOH group in the side chain, they are considered as aryl substituted aliphatic acid.

Examples

CH₂COOH

CH = CHCOOH

Phenyl acetic acid Cinnamic acid

The IUPAC names of the substituted acids are derived by prefixing the name of the substituent to the name of parent acid i.e., benzoic acid and the position is indicated by an arabic numeral with the carbon atom carrying the

– COOH group being numbered as 1. For example,

COOH

Benzoic acid

COOH

CH₃

2-Methylbenzoic acid (o-Toluic acid)

COOH

Hydroxybenzoic acid (o-salicylic acid)

COOH

NO₂

Nitrobenzoic acid

COOH

Bromobenzoic acid

NH₂

4-Aminobenzoic acid

OCH₃

4-Methoxy benzoic acid (p-Anisic acid)

Benzoic Acid

(1) Methods of Preparation

From oxidation of Benzyl alcohol [Laboratory method]

CH₂OH

Benzyl alcohol

CHO

Benzaldehyde

COOH

Benzoic acid

From hydrolysis of nitriles or cyanides

COOH

+ 2H₂O

H⁺ or OH^–

+ 2NH₃

Benzonitrile

From Grignard reagent

Benzoic acid

MgI

+ C = O

C – OMgI

H⁺ , H₂O

COOH

+ Mg OH I

Phenyl mag. iodide

By hydrolysis of esters

Addition product

Benzoic acid

C6 H5 COOCH3

O ¾¾^H+ o¾^r^O^H¾– ® C H COOH+ CH

₃OH

Methyl benzoate

Benzoic acid

Methanol

From trihalogen derivatives of hydrocarbons

CCl₃

C(OH)₃

COOH

+ 3KOH – 3 KCl + H2O

Benzotrichloride

Unstable

Benzoic acid

From benzene

COCl COOH

From Toluene

COCl₂

AlCl₃

H₂ O/NaOH

[Friedel-craft reaction]

H3C COOH

[O], D

KMnO₄/OH

or alkaline K₂Cr₂O₇

Note : ® Chromic trioxide in glacial acetic acid or Co-Mn acetate can also be taken in place of alkaline

From o-xylene [Industrial method]

KMnO4 .

CH₃

[O] CO

V O O

COOH

2 5

CH₃ CO

COOH

From naphthalene [Industrial method]

COOH

COOH

(2) Physical Properties

It is a white crystalline
It has p. 394 K.
It is sparingly soluble in cold water but fairly soluble in hot water, alcohol and
It has a faint aromatic odour and readily sublimes and is volatile in

Acidity of Aromatic Carboxylic Acid : Aromatic acid dissociates to give a carboxylate anion and proton.

C6 H5 COOH ⇌

–

C6 H5 COO + H

Since the carboxylate anion (ArCOOH).

(ArCO O)

is resonance stabilised to a greater extent than the carboxylic acid

O O–

|| | +

O O–

|| |

Ar – C– OH « Ar – C = O H Ar – C– O^– « Ar – C = O

Resonance in carboxylic acid

éNon – equivalent structure andù

Resonance in carboxylate anion

éEquivalent structure and henceù

êhence less stable ú êmore stable ú

Effect of Substituents on Acidity : The overall influence of a substituent on acidity of substituted benzoic acids is due to two factors.

Inductive effect : If the substituent exerts–I effect, it increases the acidity of carboxylic acids, while if it exerts + I effect it decreases the Inductive effect affects all positions, i.e., o–, m– and p–.

Resonance effect : Like inductive effect, if the resonance producing group exerts minus effect e., if it withdraws electrons, it increases the strength of the benzoic acid. Similarly, if the group causes +R effect it decreases the acidity of benzoic acid. However, remember that resonance effect affects only o- and p- positions. Thus if resonance producing group is present in the m-position it will not exert its effect.

In case resonance and inductive effects both operate in the molecule, resonance effect being stronger overpowers the inductive effect.

Thus on the above basis, the following order of acidity can be explained.

NO₂ Cl OH

COOH

p-Nitrobenzoic acid

– NO₂ group exerts

– R and – I effects

COOH

p-Chlorobenzoic acid

– Cl group exerts

– I effects, + R

COOH

Benzoic acid No other group

COOH

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid

– OH group exerts

+ R and – I effects

Similarly :

NO2 NO₂

COOH

NO₂

COOH

Acidity is only due to electron withdrawing inductive effect of the – NO₂ group (resonance does not affect the m-position) while in the p-isomer acidity is due to electron withdrawing inductive as well as resonance effect.

The acidity of the three isomers of hydroxybenzoic acids follows the following order.

OH OH

COOH

COOH OH

– I effect

+ M effect

COOH

Resonance effect cannot operate and hence only the acid-strengthening –I effect takes part with the result

m-hydroxybenzoic acid is stronger acid than benzoic acid. Like other substituted benzoic acid.

Acidic character among benzoic acids having different electron releasing group.

COOH COOH

COOH

OCH₃

> CH₃COOH >

NH₂

CH₃

(4) Chemical Properties :

Reactions of carboxylic group (ii) Reactions of aromatic ring

Reactions of Carboxylic Group
Reaction with metals

COOH

+2 Na

COONa

+ H₂

Reaction with Alkalies Or NaHCO₃ Or Na₂CO₃ :

COOH

+ NaOH

or NaHCO₃ or Na₂CO₃

COONa

+ H₂O

Formation of Esters :

Aromatic acid (benzoic acid) having no group in its ortho positions can be readily esterified with alcohol in

presence of a mineral acid.

COOH

+ C H OH ^H

COOC₂H₅ + H₂O

2 5

In presence of ortho substituent the rate of esterification is greatly decreased due to steric effect. The esterification of the various benzoic acids :

COOH

CH₃

CH₂COOH

H₃C CH3

;

Benzoic acid

2-Methylbenzoic acid

2, 6-Dimethylbenzoic acid

2,6-Dimethyl phenylacetic acid

The substituted phenylacetic acid is easily esterified because – COOH group is separated from benzene ring by – CH₂ – part.

The ortho-substituted benzoic acids can be easily esterified by treating the silver salt of the acid with alkyl

halides, i.e.,

COOC₂H₅

AgNO₃

C₂H₅Br

This is due to the fact that in such cases the attack of the alkyl moiety of the alkyl halides is on the oxygen atom of the – COOH group but not on the sterically hindered carbon atom.

Formation of acid chloride

COOH

COCl

+ PCl₅ or SOCl₂ + POCl₃ + HCl

Reaction with N₃H [Schmidt reaction]

COOH

+ N₃H

H₂SO₄

50° C

Benzoyl Chloride

NH₂

+ CO₂

Aniline

+ N₂

Reaction with sodalime

COOH

NaOH + CaO

+ CO₂

Reaction with anhydride

Benzene

O O

|| ||

COOH

+ (CH₃CO)₂ O ^D

C – O – C

Reduction

Decarboxylation

COOH

+ LiAlH₄

Benzoic anhydride

CH₂OH

+ H₂O

Benzyl alcohol

COOH CHO

+ HCOOH

MnO

+CO₂

+ H₂O

Hunsdiecker reaction : C6 H5 COOAg

¾¾ⁱⁿ ^C¾^C¾^l4 ® C6 H5 – X + CO2 + AgX

Silver benzoate

Reactions of Aromatic Ring
Nitration

(Br₂ or Cl₂ )

heat

Phenyl halide

COOH COOH

Sulphonation

COOH

+ HNO₃

H₂SO₄

NO₂

m-nitrobenzoic acid

COOH

Chlorination

+ Fuming H₂SO₄

SO₃H

m-sulpho benzoic acid

COOH

+ Cl₂

Fecl₃

COOH

m-chloro benzoic acid

Reduction

COOH

Na/amyl alcohol Boil, 3H₂

Uses : Benzoic acid is used,

Cyclo hexanoic acid

in medicine in the form of its salts especially as urinary
As sodium benzoate for preservation of food such as fruit juices, tomato ketchup, pickles
In the preparation of aniline
In treatment of skin diseases like

(6) General Tests

Benzoic acid dissolves in hot water but separates out in the form of white shining flakes on
It evolves CO₂ with sodium bicarbonate, e., it gives effervescence with sodium carbonate.
Neutral ferric chloride gives a buff coloured
When warmed with ethyl alcohol and a little H₂SO₄, a fragrant odour of ethyl benzoate is obtained.
When heated strongly with soda lime, benzene vapours are evolved which are

Cinnamic Acid [b-Phenyl acrylic acid]

CH = CH – COOH

(1) Methods of Preparation

By Perkin’s reaction

C6 H5CHO + (CH3CO)2 O ¾¾^C^H¾3CO¾^O^N¾^a ® C6 H5CH = CHCOOH + CH3COOH

180°C

By Claisen condensation

C6 H 5 CHO + CH 3 COOC2 H 5 ¾¾^C2 H¾5 O¾^N¾^a^‘ ® C6 H 5 CH = CHCOOC2 H 5 ¾¾^H2¾^O ®

By knoevenagel reaction

Ester

H +

C6 H 5 CH = CHCOOH + C2 H 5 OH

C6 H5 CHO + CH 2 (COOH)2 ¾¾^N^H¾3 ® C6 H5 CH = CHCOOH + CO2 + H 2 O

heat

Industrial method

C6 H5CHCl2 + H2CHCOONa ¾¾²⁰⁰¾^°¾^C ® C6 H5CH = CHCOOH + NaCl + HCl

Benzal chloride Sodium acetate

(2) Physical Properties

It is a white crystalline solid and its melting point 133°C.

It is very sparingly soluble in
It exhibits geometrical

C6 H5 – C– H

H – C – COOH

Trans-form (Cinnamic acid)

C6 H5 – C– H

HOOC–C–H

Cis-form (Allo cinnamic acid)

Cinnamic acid (stable form) occurs in nature both free and as esters in balsams and resins.

Chemical Properties : It also gives reactions of benzene

^Oxidation C H CHO + C H COOH

CrO3 6 5 6 5

Benzaldehyde

Benzoic acid

Reduction

Na(Hg)/H₂O

C₆H₅CH2CH₂COOH

Reduction

LiAlH₄

b-Phenyl propionic acid

C₆H₅CH2CH₂CH₂OH

CH = CH – COOH

– 10°C

Soda lime

distilled

3-Phenyl propyl alcohol

C₆H₅CH = CHCH₂OH

Cinnamyl alcohol

C₆H₅CH = CH₂

Styrene

Br₂

C₆H₅CHBrCHBrCOOH

Dibromocinnamic acid

Nitration Conc. HNO₃/H₂SO₄

CH = CHCOOH NO₂

CH = CHCOOH

PCl₅

o-Nitrocinnamic acid

NO₂

p-Nitrocinnamic acid

C₆H₅CH = CHCOCl

Cinnamyl chloride

C₂H₅OH H+

C₆H₅CH = CHCOOC₂H₅

Ethyl cinnamate

Tags: Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids and their derivatives Part 2- Chemistry free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

About The Author

admin

Editable Study Material for JEE mains, JEE advanced, Foundation, CBSE. Online Tuition, Online Tutors, Home Tutors, Coaching, Online Classes by Study Innovations IIT JEE study material, NEET Study Material, JEE mains Study Material, JEE advanced study material, AIIMS Study Material, IIT JEE Foundation study material, NEET Foundation study material, CBSE Study Material, Test Series, Question Bank, ICSE Study Material, School Exams study material, board exams study material, XII board exams Study Material, X board exams Study Material, Study Material, JEE mains, JEE advanced, Video Lectures, Study Innovations, online tuition, home tuition, online tutors, coaching & tutorials for English, Mathematics, Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, soft copy study material, editable study material, study material provider,customised study material,customised study material provider for coaching institutes,study material for coaching classes, how to make study material for coaching institute, jee neet study material,

(5) Analytical test

Malonic Acid or Propane-1,3-Dioic Acid :

(2) Physical Properties

(3) Chemical Properties

Succinic Acid or Butane-1,4-Dioic Acid :

(1) Methods of Preparation

(2) Physical properties

Adipic Acid or Hexane-1,6 –Dioic Acid :

(1) Methods of Preparation

(2) Physical Properties

(3) Chemical Properties

Acrylic Acid or Prop-2-Enoic Acid :

(2) Physical Properties

(3) Chemical Properties

(1) Methods of Preparation of Maleic Acid

(2) Methods of Preparation of Fumaric Acid

(4) Physical Properties

(5) Chemical Properties

(2) Physical Properties of oils and Fats

(4) Analysis of oils and fats

(6) Difference between vegetable oils and Mineral oils

Lactic Acid or a-hydroxy propionic acid or 2-hydroxy propanoic acid

(1)

Method of Preparation

(2) Physical Properties

Tartaric Acid. Or a,a’-Dihydroxy succinic acid or 2,3-Dihydroxy-Butane-1,4-Dioic acid

(1) Methods of Preparation

Optical Isomerism in tartaric acid

(3) Chemical Properties

(5) Tests

Citric Acid Or 2-Hydroxypropane Or 1,2,3-Tri Carboxylic Acid Or b-Hydroxy Tricarballylic Acid

(1) Methods of Preparation

(3) Chemical Properties

Examples

Examples

Benzoic Acid

(1) Methods of Preparation

(2) Physical Properties

Acidic character among benzoic acids having different electron releasing group.

(4) Chemical Properties :

(6) General Tests

Cinnamic Acid [b-Phenyl acrylic acid]

(1) Methods of Preparation

(2) Physical Properties

About The Author

admin

Quick Links