Chapter 24 Waves – Physics free study material by TEACHING CARE online tuition and coaching classes

November 21, 2021 admin Off Uncategorized

Wave.

A wave is a disturbance which propagates energy and momentum from one place to the other without the transport of matter.

(1) Necessary properties of the medium for wave propagation :

Elasticity : So that particles can return to their mean position, after having been
Inertia : So that particles can store energy and overshoot their mean
Minimum friction amongst the particles of the medium.
Uniform density of the

(2) Characteristics of wave motion :

It is a sort of disturbance which travels through a
Material medium is essential for the propagation of mechanical
When a wave motion passes through a medium, particles of the medium only vibrate simple harmonically about their mean They do leave their position and move with the disturbance.
There is a continuous phase difference amongst successive particles of the medium e., particle 2 starts vibrating slightly later than particle 1 and so on.
The velocity of the particle during their vibration is different at different
The velocity of wave motion through a particular medium is It depends only on the nature of medium not on the frequency, wavelength or intensity.
Energy is propagated along with the wave motion without any net transport of the

Mechanical waves : The waves which require medium for their propagation are called mechanical

Example : Waves on string and spring, waves on water surface, sound waves, seismic waves.

Non-mechanical waves : The waves which do not require medium for their propagation are called non- mechanical or electromagnetic

Examples : Light, heat (Infrared), radio waves, g– rays, X-rays etc.

Transverse waves : Particles of the medium execute simple harmonic motion about their mean position in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave
- It travels in the form of crests and
- A crest is a portion of the medium which is raised temporarily above the normal position of rest of the particles of the medium when a transverse wave passes through

A trough is a portion of the medium which is depressed temporarily below the normal position of rest of the particles of the medium, when transverse wave passes through
Examples of transverse wave motion : Movement of string of a sitar or violin, movement of the membrane of a Tabla or Dholak, movement of kink on a rope, waves set-up on the surface of

Transverse waves can be transmitted through solids, they can be setup on the surface of But they can not be transmitted into liquids and gases.

Longitudinal waves : If the particles of a medium vibrate in the direction of wave motion the wave is called

It travels in the form of compression and
A compression (C) is a region of the medium in which particles are
A rarefaction (R) is a region of the medium in which particles are
Examples sound waves travel through air in the form of longitudinal waves, Vibration of air column in organ pipes are longitudinal, Vibration of air column above the surface of water in the tube of resonance apparatus are
These waves can be transmitted through solids, liquids and gases because for these waves propagation, volume elasticity is
One dimensional wave : Energy is transferred in a single direction

Example : Wave propagating in a stretched string.

Two dimensional wave : Energy is transferred in a plane in two mutually perpendicular

Example : Wave propagating on the surface of water.

Three dimensional wave : Energy in transferred in space in all

Example : Light and sound waves propagating in space.

Important Terms Regarding Wave Motion.

Wavelength : (i) It is the length of one
Wavelength is equal to the distance travelled by the wave during the time in which any one particle of the medium completes one vibration about its mean
Wavelength is the distance between any two nearest particles of the medium, vibrating in the same

Distance travelled by the wave in one time period is known as
In transverse wave motion :

l = Distance between the centres of two consecutive crests.

l = Distance between the centres of two consecutive troughs.

l = Distance in which one trough and one crest are contained.

In longitudinal wave motion :

l = Distance between the centres of two consecutive compression.

l = Distance between the centres of two consecutive rarefaction.

l = Distance in which one compression and one rarefaction contained.

Frequency : (i) Frequency of vibration of a particle is defined as the number of vibrations completed by particle in one
It is the number of complete wavelengths traversed by the wave in one
Units of frequency are hertz (Hz) and per
Time period : (i) Time period of vibration of particle is defined as the time taken by the particle to complete one vibration about its mean

(ii) It is the time taken by the wave to travel a distance equal to one wavelength.

Relation between frequency and time period : Time period = 1/Frequency Þ T = 1/n

(5) Relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength : v = nl

Velocity (v) of the wave in a given medium depends on the elastic and inertial property of the medium.

Frequency (n) is characterised by the source which produces disturbance. Different sources may produce vibration of different frequencies. Wavelength (l) will differ to keep n l = v = constant

Sound Waves.

The energy to which the human ears are sensitive is known as sound. In general all types of waves are produced in an elastic material medium, Irrespective of whether these are heard or not are known as sound.

According to their frequencies, waves are divided into three categories :

Audible or sound waves : Range 20 Hz to 20 These are generated by vibrating bodies such as vocal cords, stretched strings or membrane.
Infrasonic waves : Frequency lie below 20

Example : waves produced during earth quake, ocean waves etc.

Ultrasonic waves : Frequency greater than 20 Human ear cannot detect these waves, certain creatures such as mosquito, dog and bat show response to these. As velocity of sound in air is 332 m/sec so the wavelength of ultrasonics l < 1.66 cm and for infrasonics l > 16.6 m.

Note : @ Supersonic speed : An object moving with a speed greater than the speed of sound is said to move with a supersonic speed.

@Mach number : It is the ratio of velocity of source to the velocity of sound.

Mach Number =

Velocity of source .

Velocity of sound

@Difference between sound and light waves :

For propagation of sound wave material medium is required but no material medium is required for light
Sound waves are longitudinal but light waves are
Wavelength of sound waves ranges from 65 cm to 16.5 meter and for light it ranges from 4000 Å to 2000 Å.

Velocity of Sound (Wave motion).

(1) Speed of transverse wave motion :

On a stretched string : v = T = Tension in the string; m = Linear density of string (mass per unit length).

In a solid body : v = h = Modulus of rigidity; r = Density of the

(2) Speed of longitudinal wave motion :

In a solid medium v = k = Bulk modulus; h = Modulus of rigidity; r = Density

When the solid is in the form of long bar v = Y = Young’s modulus of material of rod

In a liquid medium v =

In gases v =

Velocity of Sound in Elastic Medium.

When a sound wave travels through a medium such as air, water or steel, it will set particles of medium into vibration as it passes through it. For this to happen the medium must possess both inertia i.e. mass density (so that kinetic energy may be stored) and elasticity (so that PE may be stored). These two properties of matter determine the velocity of sound.

i.e. velocity of sound is the characteristic of the medium in which wave propagate.

v = (E = Elasticity of the medium; r = Density of the medium)

As solids are most elastic while gases least e.

solids and minimum in gases

vsteel > vwater > vair

5000 m/s > 1500 m/s > 330 m/s

As for sound v_water > v_Air while for light v_w < v_A.

ES > EL

EG . So the velocity of sound is maximum in

Water is rarer than air for sound and denser for light.

The concept of rarer and denser media for a wave is through the velocity of propagation (and not density).

Lesser the velocity, denser is said to be the medium and vice-versa.

Newton’s formula : He assumed that when sound propagates through air temperature remains

constant.(i.e. the process is isothermal) v_air = = As K = E_q = P ; E_q = Isothermal elasticity; P = Pressure.

By calculation v_air = 279 m/sec.

However the experimental value of sound in air is 332 m/sec which is greater than that given by Newton’s formula.

Laplace correction : He modified Newton’s formula assuming that propagation of sound in air as adiabatic

v = =

(As k = E _f

= gr = Adiabatic elasticity)

v = × 279= 331.3 m/s ( g _Air =1.41 )

(4) Effect of density : v =

Effect of pressure : v =

Þ v µ 1

. Velocity of sound is independent of the pressure of gas

provided the temperature remains constant. ( P µ r when T = constant)

Effect of temperature : v = Þ v µ

When the temperature change is small then v_t = v₀ (1 + a t)

v₀ = velocity of sound at 0°C, v_t = velocity of sound at t°C , a = temp-coefficient of velocity of sound.

Value of a = 0.608

m / s = 0.61 (Approx.)

o C

Temperature coefficient of velocity of sound is defined as the change in the velocity of sound, when temperature changes by 1°C.

Effect of humidity : With increase in humidity, density of air So with rise in humidity velocity of sound increases.

This is why sound travels faster in humid air (rainy season) than in dry air (summer) at the same temperature.

Effect of wind velocity : Because wind drifts the medium (air) along its direction of motion therefore the velocity of sound in a particular direction is the algebraic sum of the velocity of sound and the component of wind velocity in that Resultant velocity of sound along SL = v + w cosq.
Sound of any frequency or wavelength travels through a given medium with the same

(v = constant) For a given medium velocity remains constant. All other factors like phase, loudness pitch, quality etc. have practically no effect on sound velocity.

Relation between velocity of sound and root mean square

vsound =

and v

rms =

so vrms =

vsound

or v

sound

= [ g /3]^1/2 v

rms.

There is no atmosphere on moon, therefore propagation of sound is not possible To do conversation on moon, the astronaut uses an instrument which can transmit and detect electromagnetic waves.

Reflection and Refraction of Waves.

When sound waves are incident on a boundary between two media, a part of incident waves returns back into the initial medium (reflection) while the remaining is partly absorbed and partly transmitted into the second medium (refraction) In case of reflection and refraction of sound

The frequency of the wave remains unchanged that means

w_i = w_r = w_t = w = constant

The incident ray, reflected ray, normal and refracted ray all lie in the same
For reflection angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
For refraction sin i= vi

sin t vt

In reflection from a denser medium or rigid support, phase changes by 180° and direction reverses if incident wave is y = A₁ sin (wt – kx) then reflected wave becomes y = A_r sin (wt + kx + p ) = – A_r sin (w t + kx) .

In reflection from a rarer medium or free end, phase does not change and direction reverses if incident wave is y = A_I sin (w t – kx) then reflected wave becomes y = A_r sin (wt + kx)
Echo is an example of

If there is a sound reflector at a distance d from the source then time interval

between original sound and its echo at the site of source will be t = 2d

Reflection of Mechanical Waves

Progressive Wave.

These waves propagate in the forward direction of medium with a finite
Energy and momentum are transmitted in the direction of propagation of waves without actual transmission of
In progressive waves, equal changes in pressure and density occurs at all points of
Various forms of progressive wave

y = A sin (w t – kx)

where y = displacement

A = amplitude

y = A sin (w t –

y = A sin 2p ét

ë T

l x )

– x ù

l û

w = angular frequency

n = frequency

k = propagation constant

T = time period

y = A sin

2p (vt – x)

l

l = wave length

v = wave velocity

ç ÷

y = A sin w æt – xö

t = instantaneous time

x = position of particle from origin

è ø

If the sign between t and x terms is negative the wave is propagating along positive X-axis and if the sign is positive then the wave moves in negative X-axis
The coefficient of sin or cos functions e. Argument of sin or cos function i.e. (w t – kx) = Phase.

The coefficient of t gives angular frequency w = 2 pn = 2p

= vk.

The coefficient of x gives propagation constant or wave number k = 2p= w .

l v

The ratio of coefficient of t to that of x gives wave or phase i.e. v = w.

When a given wave passes from one medium to another its frequency does not

From v = nl

Þ v µ l

Q n = constant Þ

v1 = l1 .

v2 l2

(5) Some terms related to progressive waves

Wave number ( n ) : The number of waves present in unit length is defined as the wave number ( n ) = 1.

l

Unit = meter^–1 ; Dimension = [L^–1].

Propagation constant (k) : k = f =

Phase difference between particles Distance between them

k = w

= Angular velocity Wave velocity

and k = 2p

l

= 2p l

Wave velocity (v) : The velocity with which the crests and troughs or compression and rarefaction travel in a medium, is defined as wave velocity v = w= n l = w l = l .

k 2p T

Phase and phase difference : Phase of the wave is given by the argument of sine or cosine in the equation of It is represented by f (x, t) = 2p(vt – x).

l

At a given position (for fixed value of x) phase changes with time (t).

df = 2pv = 2p Þ d f =

2p .dt

Þ Phase difference = 2p ´ Time difference.

dt l T T T

At a given time (for fixed value of t) phase changes with position (x).

df = 2p Þ df = 2p ´ dx

Þ Phase difference =

2p ´ Path difference

dx l

Þ Time difference =

T × Path difference

l

Problem 1. The speed of a wave in a certain medium is 960 m/sec. If 3600 waves pass over a certain point of the medium in 1 minute, the wavelength is [MP PMT 2000]

2 meters (b) 4 meters (c) 8 meters (d) 16 meters

Solution : (d) v = 960 m/s ; n =

3600 Hz . So l = v =

60 n

960 = 16 meters.

Problem 2. A simple harmonic progressive wave is represented by the equation y = 8 sin 2 p (0.1x – 2t) where x and y are in cm and t is in seconds. At any instant the Phase difference between two particles separated by 2.0 cm in the x-direction is [MP PMT 2000]

(a) 18° (b) 36° (c) 54° (d) 72°

Solution : (d) y = 8 sin 2 p æ x – 2t ö given by comparing with standard equation y = a sin 2 p æ t – x ö

ç ÷ ç ÷

è ø

l = 10 cm

So Phase Difference =

2p × path difference = 2p ´ 2 = 2 ´180° = 72°

l 10 5

Problem 3. The frequency of sound wave is n and its velocity is v if the frequency is increased to 4n the velocity of the wave will be [MP PET 2000]

(a) v (b) 2v (c) 4v (d) v/4

Solution : (a) Wave velocity does not depends on the frequency. It depends upon the Elasticity and inertia of the medium.

Problem 4. The displacement of a particle is given by x = 3 sin (5 p t) + 4 cos (5 p t ) The amplitude of particle is

[MP PMT 1999]

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 7

Solution : (c) Standard equation : x = a sin w t + b cos w t

x = sin (w t + tan^–¹ (b / a))

Given equation

x = 3 sin (5p t ) + 4 cos(5p t)

x = 9 + 16 sin (5p t + tan ^–¹ 4 / 3)

x = 5 sin( 5p t + tan ^-1(4 / 3))

Problem 5. The equation of a transverse wave travelling on a rope is given by y = 10 sin p (0.01 x – 2.00 t) where y and x

are in cm and t in seconds. The maximum transverse speed of a particle in the rope is about [MP PET 1999]

63 cm/sec (b) 75 cm/s (c) 100 cm/sec (d) 121 cm/sec Solution : (a) Standard of travelling wave y = A sin (k x – wt)

By comparing with the given equation y = 10 sin (0.01 p x – 2p t )

A = 10 cm, w = 2 p

Maximum particle velocity = A w = 2 p × 10 = 63 cm/sec

Problem 6. In a wave motion y = a sin (k x – w t), y can represents [IIT-JEE 1999]

(a) Electric Field (b) magnetic field (c) Displacement (d) Pressure

Solution : (a,b,c,d)

Problem 7. Find the ratio of the speed of sound in nitrogen gas to that of helium gas, at 300 k is [IIT-JEE 1999]

Solution : (c)

v =

2 (c)

(d) 4 5

v N =

vHe

= = .

Problem 8. The displacement x (in metres) of a particle performing simple harmonic motion is related to time t (in seconds) as x = 0.05 cos æ 4pt + p ö . The frequency of the motion will be [MP PMT / PET 1998]

ç ÷

è ø

(a) 0.5 Hz (b) 1.0 Hz (c) 1.5 Hz (d) 2.0 Hz

Solution : (d) From the given equation, coefficient of t = w = 4p

\ n =

w = 4p = 2 Hz

2p 2p

Problem 9. A wave is represented by the equation Y = 7 sin æ7p t – 0.04px + p ö

x is in meters and t is in seconds. The

ç ÷

è ø

speed of the wave is [MP PET 1996]

(a) 175 m/sec (b) 49 p m/s (c)

Solution : (a) Standard equation y = A sin (w t – kx + f₀ )

49 m / s

(d) 0.28 p m / s

In a given equation w = 7 p , k = 0.04p

v = w = 7p = 175 m/sec

k .04p

Problem 10. A wave is represented by the equation y = 0.5 sin (10 t + x)m. It is a travelling wave propagating along the x

direction with velocity. [Roorkee 1995]

10 m/s (b) 20 m/s (c) 5 m/s (d) None of these

Solution : (a) v = w / k = 10 / 1 = 10 m / s

Problem 11. A transverse progressive wave on a stretched string has a velocity of 10 ms^–1 and a frequency of 100 Hz. The phase difference between two particles of the string which are 2.5 cm apart will be [MP PMT 1994]

(a)

p / 8

p / 4

3p / 8

p / 2

Solution : (d)

l = v / n =

100

= 0.1m =10cm

Phase difference =

2p × path difference = 2p × 2.5 = p

l 10 2

Problem 12. In a stationary wave, all particles are [MP PMT 1994]

At rest at the same time twice in every period of oscillation
At rest at the same time only once in every period of oscillation
Never at rest at the same time
Never at rest at all

Solution : (a)

Problem 13. The path difference between the two waves

y = a

sin æw t – 2p x ö and y

= a cos æw t – 2px + f ö is [MP PMT 1994]

1 1 ç

(a) l f

l ÷ ₂

(b)

è l

l æf + p ö

(c)

2p æf – p ö

(d)

2p (f )

2p 2p ç ÷

ç ÷

l è ø l

Solution : (b)

y = a sin æw t – 2px ö ; y = a

sin æwt – 2px + f + p ö

1 1 ç

l ÷ ₂ ₂ ç l ÷

Phase difference = æw t – 2px + f + p ö – æw t – 2px ö = æf + p ö

ç ÷ ç

è ø è

÷ ç ÷

l ø è ø

Path difference = l

× Phase difference = l

æf + p ö

2p 2p ç ÷

Problem 14. A plane wave is described by the equation

y = 3 cos æ x – 10t – p ö . The maximum velocity of the particles of

ç ÷

è ø

the medium due to this wave is [MP PMT 1994]

(a) 30 (b) 3 p / 2

Solution : (a) Maximum velocity = A w = 3 × 10 = 30

Problem 15. A wave represented by the given equation y = A sin (10 p x + 15 p t + p ) where x is in meter and t is in second.

The expression represents [IIT-JEE 1990]

A wave travelling in the positive x-direction with a velocity of 5 m/sec
A wave travelling in the negative x-direction with a velocity of 5 m/sec
A wave travelling in the negative x-direction with a wavelength of 2 m
A wave travelling in the positive x-direction with a wavelength of 2 m Solution : (b, c) By comparing with standard equation Y = A sin (k x + w t + p / 3)

K = 10 p , w = 15 p

We know that : v = w = 1.5 m/sec; l = 2p = 0.2 meter.

k k

Problem 16. A transverse wave is described by the equation Y = y

sin 2 p æ ft – x ö The maximum particle velocity is four

₀ ç ÷

è ø

times the wave velocity if [IIT 1984, MP PMT 1997, MP PMT/PET 1998]

(a)

l = py0

(b)

l = py0

(c)

l = p y0

(d)

l = 2py0

Solution : (b) Maximum particle velocity = 4 wave velocity

A w = 4 f l

y₀ 2 p f = 4 fl

l = py0

Problem 17. The equation of a wave travelling in a string can be written as y = 3 cos p (100 t – x) Its wavelength is

[MP PMT 1991, 94, 97; MNR 1985]

(a) 100 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 5 cm (d) None of these

Solution : (b) y = A cos ( w t – k x) – standard equation

y = 3 cos (100 p t –p x ) – given equation

So K = p and

l = 2p

= 2 cm

Problem 18. A plane wave is represented by x = 1.2 sin (314 t + 12.56 y) where x and y are distances measured along in

x and y direction in meter and t is time in seconds. This wave has [MP PET 1991]

A wave length of 25 m and travels m + ve x-direction
A wavelength of 25 m and travels in + ve y-direction
A wavelength of 5 m and travels in – ve y-direction
A wavelength of 0.5 m and travels in – ve x-direction Solution : (c) From given equation k = 56

l = 2p 0.5 m direction = – y

Problem 19. A wave is reflected from a rigid support. The change in phase on reflection will be [MP PMT 1990]

Solution : (c)

(a)

p / 4

(b)

p / 2

Problem 20. The equation of displacement of two waves are given as y = 10 sin æ 3 p t + p ö ; y

= 5 [sin 3 p t +

cos 3 pt]

1 ç ÷ 2

è ø

Then what is the ratio of their amplitudes [AIIMS 1997]

(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these

Solution : (c) y = 5 [sin 3 p t + 3 cos 3 p t] = 5

æ p t + p ö = 10 sin æ 3 p t + p ö

So, A₁ = 10 and A₂ = 10

sin ç 3 ÷ ç ÷

è ø è ø

Problem 21. The equation of a wave travelling on a string is y = 4 sin

p æ 8 t – x ö if x and y are in cm, then velocity of

ç ÷

è ø

wave is [MP PET 1990]

(a) 64 cm/sec in – x direction (b) 32 cm/sec in – x direction

Solution : (d) y = 4 sin æ 4p t – p . x ö

ç ÷

è 16 ø

w = 4p , k =p / 16

v = w =

p / 16

= 64 cm / sec

in + x direction.

Problem 22. The equation of wave is y = 2 sin p (0.5x – 200 t)

where x and y are expressed in cm and t in sec. The wave

Solution : (d)

velocity is [MP PMT 1986]

(a) 100 cm/sec (b) 200 cm/sec (c) 300 cm/sec (d) 400 cm/sec

v = w = 200 p = 400 cm/sec

k 0.5 p

Principle of Superposition.

The displacement at any time due to any number of waves meeting simultaneously at a point in a medium is the vector sum of the individual displacements due each one of the waves at that point at the same time.

If y₁ , y₂, y₃………. are the displacements at a particular time at a particular position, due to individual waves,

then the resultant displacement.

Examples

y = y1 + y2

+ y₃ + ………….

Radio waves from different stations having different frequencies cross the But our T.V/Radio set can pick up any desired frequency.
When two pulses of equal amplitude on a string approach each other [fig. (A)], then on meeting, they superimpose to produce a resultant

pulse of zero amplitude [fig (B)]. After crossing, the two pulses travel independently as shown in [fig (C)] as if nothing had happened.

Important applications of superposition principle :

Interference of waves (b) Stationary waves (c)

Interference of Sound Waves.

When two waves of same frequency, same wavelength, same velocity (nearly equal amplitude) moves in the same direction, Their superimposition results in the interference. Due to interference the resultant intensity of sound at that point is different from the sum of intensities due to each wave separately. This modification of intensity due to superposition of two or more waves is called interference.

Let at a given point two waves arrives with phase difference f and the equation of these waves is given by

y₁ = a₁ sin w t , y₂ = a₂ sin (w t +f ) then by the principle of superposition

y = y1 + y2

Þ y = A sin (w t +q )

where

A = and tan q =

a2 sin f

a1 + a2cos f

and since Intensity µ A ² .

So I = a12 + a22 + 2a1 , a2 cosf Þ

I = I1 + I 2 + 2

cos f

Constructive interference : Intensity will be maximum when f = 0, 2p , 4p ,…… 2pn ; where n = 0,1,2 ……..

when x = 0, l, 2l, ……….. nl; where n = 0, 1 …….

Imax

= I₁

+ I₂ + 2

= ( +

)2 µ (A

+ A2 )2

It means the intensity will be maximum at those points where path difference is an integral multiple of wavelength l. These points are called points of constructive interference or interference maxima.

Destructive interference : Intensity will be minimum

when f = p , 3p ,5p …… ( 2 n – 1)p ; where n= 1, 2, 3 ……..

when x = l/2, 3l/2, ……….. (2n-1)l/2; where n = 1, 2, 3……..

Imin

= I₁+I₂ – 2

Þ I_min = ( –

)2 µ (A

~ A2 )2

All maxima are equally spaced and equally Same is also true for minima. Also interference maxima

and minima are alternate as for maximum Dx = 0, l,2l………. etc. and for minimum

Dx = l , 3l , 5l………. etc .

2 2 2

I ( I +

)2 (A + A )2

I A ²

max = 1

= 1 2

with ¹ = ¹

I min ( ~

)2 (A1 ~ A2 )2

I 2 A₂²

I 1= I 2 = I0

then I_max =

4 Io

and I_min = 0

In interference the intensity in maximum

( + ) exceeds the sum of individual

intensities (I₁ + I₂) by an amount 2 while in

minima ( ~

)2 lacks (I

) by

the same

amount 2 .

Hence in interference energy is neither created nor destroyed but is redistributed.

Standing Waves or Stationary Waves.

When two sets of progressive wave trains of same type (both longitudinal or both transverse) having the same amplitude and same time period/frequency/wavelength travelling with same speed along the same straight line in opposite directions superimpose, a new set of waves are formed. These are called stationary waves or standing waves.

Characteristics of standing waves :

The disturbance confined to a particular region between the starting point and reflecting point of the
There is no forward motion of the disturbance from one particle to the adjoining particle and so on, beyond this particular
The total energy associated with a stationary wave is twice the energy of each of incident and reflected But there is no flow or transference of energy along the stationary wave.
There are certain points in the medium in a standing wave, which are permanently at These are called

nodes. The distance between two consecutive nodes is l

Points of maximum amplitude is known as The distance between two consecutive antinodes is also l / 2 . The distance between a node and adjoining antinode is l / 4 .
The medium splits up into a number of Each segment is vibrating up and down as a whole.
All the particles in one particular segment vibrate in the same Particles in two consecutive segments differ in phase by 180°.
All the particles except those at nodes, execute simple harmonic motion about their mean position with the same time
The amplitude of vibration of particles varies from zero at nodes to maximum at
Twice during each vibration, all the particles of the medium pass simultaneously through their mean
The wavelength and time period of stationary waves are the same as for the component waves.
Velocity of particles while crossing mean position varies from maximum at antinodes to zero at
In standing waves, if amplitude of component waves are not Resultant amplitude at nodes will be minimum (but not zero). Therefore, some energy will pass across nodes and waves will be partially standing.

Standing Waves on a String.

When a string under tension is set into vibration, transverse harmonic waves propagate along its length. When the length of string is fixed, reflected waves will also exist. The incident and reflected waves will superimpose to produce transverse stationary waves in a string

Incident wave y₁ = a sin

2p (vt + x)

l

2p 2p

Reflected wave y₂

= a sin l [(vt – x) + p ] = – a sin l

(vt – x)

According to superposition principle : y = y

+ y = 2 a cos

2pvt sin 2px

1 2 l l

General formula for wavelength l = 2L

where n = 1,2,3, … correspond to 1^st , 2^nd, 3^rd modes of vibration of

the string.

First normal mode of vibration

n1 = v = v Þ n = 1

l₁ 2L ¹ 2L

This mode of vibration is called the fundamental mode and the frequency is called fundamental frequency. The sound from the note so produced is called fundamental note or first harmonic.

Second normal mode of vibration : n2 = v = v

= 2v

= 2(n1 )

l ₂

This is second harmonic or first over tone.

L 2L

Third normal mode of vibration : n3 = v= 3v = 3n1

l₃ 2L

This is third harmonic or second overtone.

Position of nodes :

x = 0,

L , 2L , 3L…………….. L

n n n

For first mode of vibration x = 0 , x = L [Two nodes]

For second mode of vibration x = 0, x =

For third mode of vibration x = 0 , x =

L , x = L

L , x = 2L , x = L

[Three nodes]

[Four nodes]

3 3

Position of antinodes :

x = L , 3L , 5L……………… (2h – 1)L

2n 2n 2n 2n

For first mode of vibration x = L/2 [One antinode]

For second mode of vibration x =

L , 3L

[Two antinode]

4 4

Standing Wave in a Closed Organ Pipe.

Organ pipes are the musical instrument which are used for producing musical sound by blowing air into the pipe. Longitudinal stationary waves are formed on account of superimposition of incident and reflected longitudinal waves.

Equation of standing wave y = 2a cos

2pvt sin2px

General formula for wavelength l =

l l

4 L

(2n – 1)

First normal mode of vibration : n = v

4 L

This is called fundamental frequency. The note so produced is called fundamental note or first harmonic.

Second normal mode of vibration : n2 = v

l ₂

= 3v = 3 n1

4 L

This is called third harmonic or first overtone.

Third normal mode of vibration :

n = 5v

³ 4 L

= 5n1

This is called fifth harmonic or second overtone.

Position of nodes : x = 0,

2L ,

(2n – 1)

4 L ,

(2n – 1)

………

2nL (2n – 1)

For first mode of vibration x = 0 [One node]

For second mode of vibration x = 0, x = 2L [Two nodes]

For third mode of vibration x = 0,

x = 2L , 4L

[Three nodes]

5 5

Position of antinode : x = L , 3L , 5L……………. , L

2n – 1 2n – 1 2n – 1

For first mode of vibration x = L [One antinode]

For second mode of vibration x =

For third mode of vibration x =

L , x = L

L , 3L , L

[Two antinode]

[Three antinode]

5 5

Standing Waves in Open Organ Pipes.

This is called third harmonic or second overtone.

Comparison of closed and open organ pipes shows that fundamental note in open organ pipe

æ n =

v ö has double the frequency of the fundamental note in closed organ pipe æ n

= v ö.

ç ₁ 2L ÷ ç ₁ 4 L ÷

Further in an open organ pipe all harmonics are present whereas in a closed organ pipe, only alternate harmonics of frequencies n1 ,3n1 , 5n1 ,………. etc are present. The harmonics of frequencies 2n₁, 4n₁, 6n₁ …… are missing.

Hence musical sound produced by an open organ pipe is sweeter than that produced by a closed organ pipe.

Harmonics are the notes/sounds of frequency equal to or an integral multiple of fundamental frequency (n). Thus the first, second, third, harmonics have frequencies n₁,2n₁,3n₁ , ………
Overtones are the notes/sounds of frequency twice/thrice/ four times the fundamental frequency (n) eg. 2 n,3n,4n……….. and so
In organ pipe an antinode is not formed exactly at the open end rather it is formed a little distance away from the open end outside it. The distance of antinode from the open end of the pipe is known as end

Vibration of a String.

m = Mass per unit length (linear density), p = mode of vibration

As a string has many natural frequencies, so when it is excited with a tuning fork, the string will be in resonance with the given body if any of its natural frequencies concides with the

(2) (i) n µ 1

if T and m are constant (ii) n µ if L and m are constant (iii) n µ 1

if T and L are constant

(3) If M is the mass of the string of length L, m = M

So n =

= = 1 =

where m = pr²r (r = Radius, r = Density)

Comparative Study of Stretched Strings, Open Organ Pipe and Closed Organ Pipe

S. No. (1)	Parameter Stretched string Fundamental frequency or n = v		Open organ pipe n = v	Closed organ pipe n1 = v 4l
(2)	Frequency of 1^st overtone or 2^nd harmonic	n2 = 2n1	n2 = 2n1	Missing
(3)	Frequency of 2^nd overtone or 3^rd harmonic	n3 = 3n1	n3 = 3n1	n3 = 3n1
(4)	Frequency ratio of overtones	2 : 3 : 4…	2 : 3 : 4…	3 : 5 : 7…
(5)	Frequency ratio of harmonics	1 : 2 : 3 : 4…	1 : 2 : 3 : 4…	1 : 3 : 5 : 7…
(6)	Nature of waves	Transverse stationary	Longitudinal stationary	Longitudinal stationary
Beats.

When two sound waves of slightly different frequencies, travelling in a medium along the same direction, superimpose on each other, the intensity of the resultant sound at a particular position rises and falls regularly with time. This phenomenon of regular variation in intensity of sound with time at a particular position is called beats.

One beat : If the intensity of sound is maximum at time t = 0, one beat is said to be formed when intensity becomes maximum again after becoming minimum once in
Beat period : The time interval between two successive beats (e. two successive maxima of sound) is called beat period.
Beat frequency : The number of beats produced per second is called beat
Persistence of hearing : The impression of sound heard by our ears persist in our mind for 1/10^th of a If another sound is heard before 1/10 second is over, the impression of the two sound mix up and our mind cannot distinguish between the two.

So for the formation of distinct beats, frequencies of two sources of sound should be nearly equal (difference of frequencies less than 10)

Equation of beats : If two waves of equal amplitudes ‘a‘ and slightly different frequencies n₁ and n₂

travelling in a medium in the same direction are.

y₁ = a sin w₁ t = a sin 2pn1t ; y2 = a sinw ₂t = a sin 2p n2 t

By the principle of super position : y = y1+ y2

y = A sin p (n₁ + n₂ ) t

Beat frequency : n = n₁ ~ n₂.

where A = 2a cos p

(n1 – n2 ) t = Amplitude of resultant wave.

Beat period : T= 1 = 1

Beat frequency n₁ ~ n₂

Determination of Unknown Frequency.

Let n₂ is the unknown frequency of tuning fork B, and this tuning fork B produce x beats per second with another tuning fork of known frequency n₁.

As number of beat/sec is equal to the difference in frequencies of two sources, therefore n₂ = n₁ ± x

The positive/negative sign of x can be decided in the following two ways :

ç ÷

Problem 23. The stationary wave produced on a string is represented by the equation y = 5 cos æ px ö sin (40 p t)

where x

è ø

and y are in cm and t is in seconds. The distance between consecutive nodes is [MP PMT 2000]

5 cm (b) p cm (c) 3 cm (d) 40 cm Solution : (c) By comparing with standard equation of stationary wave

y = a cos

2px sin

2 p vt

We get

2px = px Þ l = 6; Distance between two consecutive nodes = l = 3 cm

l 3 2

Problem 24. On sounding tuning fork A with another tuning fork B of frequency 384 Hz, 6 beats are produced per second. After loading the prongs of A with wax and then sounding it again with B, 4 Beats are produced per second what is the frequency of the tuning fork A. [MP PMT 2000]

(a) 388 Hz (b) 80 Hz (c) 378 Hz (d) 390 Hz

Solution : (c)

Probable frequency of A is 390 Hz and 378 Hz and After loading the beats are decreasing from 6 to 4 so the original frequency of A will be n₂ = n ₁ – x = 378 Hz.

Problem 25. Two sound waves of slightly different frequencies propagating in the same direction produces beats due to

[MP PET 2000]

(a) Interference (b) Diffraction (c) Polarization (d) Refraction

Solution : (a)

Problem 26. Beats are produced with the help of two sound waves on amplitude 3 and 5 units. The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity in the beats is [MP PMT 1999]

(a) 2 : 1 (b) 5 : 3 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 16 : 1

I æ A + A ö2 æ 5 + 3 ö2

Solution : (d)

max

= ç ¹ ² ÷ = ç

÷ = 16:1

Imin

è A1 – A2 ø

è 5 – 3 ø

Problem 27. Two tuning forks have frequencies 380 and 384 hertz respectively. When they are sounded together, they produce 4 beats. After hearing the maximum sound, how long will it take to hear the minimum sound

[MP PMT/PET 1998]

(a) 1/2 sec (b) 1/4 sec (c) 1/8 sec (d) 1/16 sec Solution : (c) Beats period = Time interval between two minima

T = 1

n1 – n2

= 1 sec

Time interval between maximum sound and minimum sound = T/2 = 1/8 sec

Problem 28. Two tuning fork A and B give 4 beats per second when sounded together. The frequency of A is 320 Hz. When some wax is added to B and it is sounded with A, 4 beats per second are again heard. The frequency of B is [MP PMT 1997]

(a) 312 Hz (b) 316 Hz (c) 324 Hz (d) 328 Hz

Solution : (c) Since there is no change in beats. Therefore the original frequency of B is

n₂ = n ₁ + x = 320 + 4 = 324

Problem 29. 41 forks are so arranged that each produces 5 beat/sec when sounded with its near fork. If the frequency of last fork is double the frequency of first fork, then the frequencies of the first and last fork respectively

[MP PMT 1997]

(a) 200, 400 (b) 205, 410 (c) 195, 390 (d) 100, 200

Solution : (a) Let the frequency of first tuning fork = n and that of last = 2n

n, n + 5, n + 10, n + 15 …… 2n this forms A.P.

Formula of A.P l = a + (N – 1) r where l = Last term, a = First term, N = Number of term, r = Common difference 2n = n + (41 – 1) 5

2n = n + 200

n = 200 and 2n = 400

Problem 30. In stationary waves, antinodes are the points where there is [MP PMT 1996]

Minimum displacement and minimum pressure change
Minimum displacement and maximum pressure change
Maximum displacement and maximum pressure change
Maximum displacement and minimum pressure change

Solution : (d) At Antinodes displacement is maximum but pressure change is minimum.

Problem 31. The equation y = 0.15 sin 5x cos 300 t, describes a stationary wave. The wavelength of the stationary wave is

[MP PMT 1995]

(a) Zero meter (b) 1.256 meter (c) 2.512 meter (d) 0.628 meter

Solution : (b) By comparing with standard equation \

2px = 5x Þ l = 2 ´p = 1.256 meter

l 5

ç ÷

Problem 32. The equation of a stationary wave is y = 0.8 cos æ px ö sin 200 p t where x is in cm. and t is in sec. The

è ø

separation between consecutive nodes will be

(a) 20 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 30 cm

Solution : (a) Standard equation y = A cos

2px sin 2pvt

l l

By comparing this equation with given equation.

2px = px Þ l = 40 cm

Distance Between two nodes = l

= 20 cm.

l 20

Problem 33. Which of the property makes difference between progressive and stationary waves [MP PMT 1987]

(a) Amplitude (b) Frequency (c) Propagation of energy (d) Phase of the wave

Solution : (c) In stationary waves there is no transfer of energy.

Problem 34. If amplitude of waves at distance r from a point source is A, the amplitude at a distance 2r will be

[MP PMT 1985]

(a) 2A (b) A (c) A/2 (d) A/4

₂ 1 1

r1 A2

æ r1 ö

æ 1 ö

Solution : (c) I µ A

and I µ r 2

so r µ ;

r = A Þ A₂ = A₁ ç r ÷ = A ç 2 ÷ = A/2

2 1 è 2 ø è ø

Problem 35. If two waves of same frequency and same amplitude respectively on superimposition produced a resultant disturbance of the same amplitude the wave differ in phase by [MP PMT 1990]

Solution : (b)

(a) p

A =

(b)

2p / 3

(c)

p / 2

(d) zero

A² = A² + A² + 2A² cos f [A₁ = A₂ = A given]

cos f = – 1/2 Þ f = 120° = 2p

Problem 36. The superposition takes place between two waves of frequency f and amplitude a. The total intensity is directly proportional to [MP PMT 1986]

(a) a (b) 2a (c) 2a² (d) 4a²

Solution : (d) I µ (a1 + a2 )2

I µ 4a ²

[As a₁ = a₂ = a]

Problem 37. The following equation represent progressive transverse waves [MP PET 1993]

z₁ = A cos (w t – kx) z₂ = A cos (w t + kx) z₃ = A cos (w t + ky)

z₄ = A cos ( 2w t – 2ky)

A stationary wave will be formed by superposing

(a) z₁ and z₂ (b) z₁ and z₄ (c) z₂ and z₃ (d) z₃ and z₄

Solution : (a) The direction of wave must be opposite and frequencies will be same then by superposition, standing wave formation takes place.

Problem 38. When two sound waves with a phase difference of p / 2

and each having amplitude A and frequency w are

superimposed on each other, then the maximum amplitude and frequency of resultant wave is [MP PMT 1989]

(a)

A ;w / 2

(b)

A ;w

(c)

2 A ; w (d)

2 A;w

Solution : (d) Resultant Amplitude = =

and frequency remains same = w.

= 2 A

Problem 39. There is a destructive interference between the two waves of wavelength l coming from two different paths at a point. To get maximum sound or constructive interference at that point, the path of one wave is to be increased by [MP PET 1985]

(a)

l / 4

(b)

l / 2

(c)

3l (d) l

Solution : (b) Destructive interference means the path difference is (2n – 1) l

If it is increased by l / 2

Then new path difference (2n – 1)

l + l = n l

2 2

which is the condition of constructive interference.

Problem 40. The tuning fork and sonometer wire were sounded together and produce 4 beats/second when the length of sonometer wire is 95 cm or 100 cm. The frequency of tuning fork is [MP PMT 1990]

(a) 156 Hz (b) 152 Hz (c) 148 Hz (d) 160 Hz

Solution : (a) Frequency n µ 1

\ As n =

If n is the frequency of tuning fork.

n + 4 µ 1

Þ n – 4 µ

100

Þ (n + 4 ) 95 = (n – 4) 100 Þ n = 156 Hz.

Problem 41. A tuning fork F₁ has a frequency of 256 Hz and it is observed to produce 6 beats/second with another tuning fork F₂. When F₂ is loaded with wax. It still produces 6 beats/second with F₁. The frequency of F₂ before loading was [MP PET 1990]

(a) 253 Hz (b) 262 Hz (c) 250 Hz (d) 259 Hz

Solution : (b) No of beats does not change even after loading then n₂ = n₁ + x = 256 + 6 = 262 Hz.

Doppler Effect.

Whenever there is a relative motion between a source of sound and the listener, the apparent frequency of sound heard by the listener is different from the actual frequency of sound emitted by the source.

When the distance between the source and listener is decreasing the apparent frequency increases. It means the apparent frequency is more than the actual frequency of sound. The reverse is also true.

General expression for apparent frequency n‘ = [(v + vm ) – vL ]n

[(v + vm ) – vS ]

Here n = Actual frequency; v_L = Velocity of listener; v_S = Velocity of source

v_m = Velocity of medium and v = Velocity of sound wave

Sign convention : All velocities along the direction S to L are taken as positive and all velocities along the

S ø

æ v – vL ö

direction L to S are taken as negative. If the medium is stationary v_m = 0 then n‘ = ç v – v ÷ n

Special cases :

Source is moving towards the listener, but the listener at rest

n‘ = v .n v – vS

Source is moving away from the listener but the listener is at rest n‘ = v .n

v + vS

Source is at rest and listener is moving away from the source n‘ = v –vL n

Source is at rest and listener is moving towards the source n‘ = v +vL .n

æ v + vL ö

Source and listener are approaching each other n‘ =ç ÷ n

è v – vS ø

æ v – vL ö

Source and listener moving away from each other n‘ =ç ÷n

è v + vS ø

Both moves in the same direction with same velocity n‘ = n, e. there will be no Doppler effect because relative motion between source and listener is zero.
Source and listener moves at right angle to the direction of wave n‘ = n

It means there is no change in frequency of sound heard if there is a small displacement of source and listener at right angle to the direction of wave propagation but for a large displacement the frequency decreases because the distance between source of sound and listener increases.

If the velocity of source and listener is equal to or greater than the sound velocity then Doppler effect is not
Doppler effect gives information regarding the change in frequency It does not says about intensity of sound.
Doppler effect in sound is asymmetric but in light it is

Some Typical Features of Doppler’s Effect in Sound.

When a source is moving in a direction making an angle q r.t. the listener : The apparent frequency heard by listener L at rest

When source is at point A is n¢ =

v – vs cosq

As source moves along AB, value of q increases, cosq decreases, n¢ goes on decreasing.

At point C, q = 90^o , cosq = cos 90^o = 0 , n¢ = n .

n¢ =

At point B, the apparent frequency of sound becomes

v + vs cosq

When a source of sound approaches a high wall or a hill with a constant velocity vs , the reflected

sound propagates in a direction opposite to that of direct sound. We can assume that the source and observer are

approaching each other with same velocity i.e. vs

æ v + vL ö

= vL

\ n¢ = ç ÷ n

è v – vs ø

When a listener moves between two distant sound sources : Let vL be the velocity of listener away

from S and towards S . Apparent frequency from S is n¢ = (v – vL )n

1 2 1 v

and apparent frequency heard from S is n¢ = (v + vL )n

L v

\ Beat frequency = n¢ – n¢ = 2nvL

(4) When source is revolving in a circle and listener L is on one side

vs = rw

so n

max

= nv v – vs

and n

min

= nv v + vs

(5) When listener L is moving in a circle and the source is on one side

vL = rw

so n

max

= (v + vL )n v

and

nmin

= (v – vL )n v

There will be no change in frequency of sound heard, if the source is situated at the centre of the circle along which listener is

Conditions for no Doppler effect : (i) When source (S) and listener (L) both are at

When medium alone is
When S and L move in such a way that distance between S and L remains

When source S and listener L, are moving in mutually perpendicular

Problem 42. A source of sound of frequency 90 vibration/sec is approaching a stationary observer with a speed equal to 1/10 the speed of sound. What will be the frequency heard by the observer [MP PMT 2000]

80 vibration/sec (b) 90 vibration/sec (c) 100 vibration/sec (d) 120 vibration/sec

Solution : (c)

n‘ =

v .n Þ n‘ =

v .n Þ n‘ = 10 n = 10 ´ 90 = 100 vibration/sec

v – vs

v – v 9 9

Problem 43. A source of sound of frequency 500 Hz is moving towards an observer with velocity 30 m/s. The speed of the sound is 330 m/s. The frequency heard by the observer will be [MP PET 2000]

(a) 550 Hz (b) 458.3 Hz (c) 530 Hz (d) 545.5 Hz

v_s(+)

v_L = 0

Solution : (a)

n‘ = v

v – vs

.n Þ n‘ = 330 .500 Þ n‘ = 550 Hz

S L

330 – 30

Problem 44. A motor car blowing a horn of frequency 124 vibration/sec moves with a velocity 72 km/hr towards a tall wall.

The frequency of the reflected sound heard by the driver will be (velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s)

[MP PET 1997]

109 vibration/sec (b) 132 vibration/sec (c) 140 vibration/sec (d) 248 vibration/sec Solution : (c) In the given condition source and listener are at the same position e. (car) for given condition

n‘ = v + vcar .n = 330 + 20 .n = 140 vibration/sec

v – v_car 330 – 20

Problem 45. The driver of car travelling with a speed 30 meter/sec. towards a hill sounds a horn of frequency 600 Hz. If the velocity of sound in air is 330 m/s the frequency of reflected sound as heard by the driver is [MP PMT 1996]

(a) 720 Hz (b) 555.5 Hz (c) 550 Hz (d) 500 Hz

Solution : (a) This question is same as that of previous one so n‘ = v + vcar .n = 720 Hz

v – vcar

Problem 46. The source of sound s is moving with a velocity 50 m/s towards a stationary observer. The observer measures the frequency of the source as 1000 Hz. What will be the apparent frequency of the source when it is moving away from the observer after crossing him ? The velocity of sound in the medium is 350 m/s [MP PMT 1994]

(a) 750 Hz (b) 857 Hz (c) 1143 Hz (d) 1333 Hz

Solution : (a) When source is moving towards the stationary listener.

n‘ = v n Þ 1000 = 350 .n Þ n = 857.14

v – vs

350 – 50

When source is moving away from the stationary observer n‘ ‘ =

v =

v + vs

350 ´ 857 = 750 Hz

350 + 50

Problem 47. A source and listener are both moving towards each other with speed v/10 where v is the speed of sound. If the frequency of the note emitted by the source is f, the frequency heard by the listener would be nearly

[MP PMT 1994]

(a) 1.11 f (b) 1.22 f (c) f (d) 1.27 f

æ v + v ö

æ v + vL ö

s ø

ç 10 ÷ 11

Solution : (b)

n‘ = ç v – v ÷ n

Þ n‘ = ç

ç v –

v ÷ n

10 ÷

Þ n‘ =

f = 1.22 f.

Problem 48. A man is watching two trains, one leaving and the other coming in with equal speed of 4 m/s. If they sound their whistles, each of frequency 240 Hz, the number of beats heard by the man (velocity of sound in air = 320 m/s) will be equal to [MP PET 1999; CPMT 1997; NCERT 1984]

(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 12

Solution : (a) App. Frequency due to train which is coming in n1 = v .n

v – vs

App. Frequency due to train which is leaving n2 = v .n

v + vs

So number of beats n – n = æ 1 – 1 ö 320´ 240 Þ n – n = 6

¹ ² ç 316 324 ÷ 1 2

Problem 49. At what speed should a source of sound move so that observer finds the apparent frequency equal to half of the original frequency [RPMT 1996]

(a) v / 2 (b) 2v (c) v / 4 (d) v

Solution : (d)

n‘ =

v .n v + vs

Þ n =

v .n v + vs

Þ v_s = v

About The Author

admin

Editable Study Material for JEE mains, JEE advanced, Foundation, CBSE. Online Tuition, Online Tutors, Home Tutors, Coaching, Online Classes by Study Innovations IIT JEE study material, NEET Study Material, JEE mains Study Material, JEE advanced study material, AIIMS Study Material, IIT JEE Foundation study material, NEET Foundation study material, CBSE Study Material, Test Series, Question Bank, ICSE Study Material, School Exams study material, board exams study material, XII board exams Study Material, X board exams Study Material, Study Material, JEE mains, JEE advanced, Video Lectures, Study Innovations, online tuition, home tuition, online tutors, coaching & tutorials for English, Mathematics, Science, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, soft copy study material, editable study material, study material provider,customised study material,customised study material provider for coaching institutes,study material for coaching classes, how to make study material for coaching institute, jee neet study material,

Wave.

(1) Necessary properties of the medium for wave propagation :

(2) Characteristics of wave motion :

Important Terms Regarding Wave Motion.

(5) Relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength : v = nl

Sound Waves.

Velocity of Sound (Wave motion).

(1) Speed of transverse wave motion :

(2) Speed of longitudinal wave motion :

Velocity of Sound in Elastic Medium.

(4) Effect of density : v =

Reflection and Refraction of Waves.

Reflection of Mechanical Waves

l

(5) Some terms related to progressive waves

l

l

l

l

Principle of Superposition.

Interference of Sound Waves.

Standing Waves or Stationary Waves.

Standing Waves on a String.

l

Position of nodes :

Position of antinodes :

Standing Wave in a Closed Organ Pipe.

Standing Waves in Open Organ Pipes.

Vibration of a String.

Comparative Study of Stretched Strings, Open Organ Pipe and Closed Organ Pipe

Determination of Unknown Frequency.

Doppler Effect.

Some Typical Features of Doppler’s Effect in Sound.

(4) When source is revolving in a circle and listener L is on one side

(5) When listener L is moving in a circle and the source is on one side

About The Author

admin

Quick Links